CHAPTER 07 OF 30
Crime & Punishment
12 Sual
120 İdeya
48 Termin
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Increase in Crime Rates
SUAL
Crime rates are rising in many countries. What are the causes of this, and what measures could be taken to reduce it?
CAUSE
SOLUTION
CAUSE
A lack of police on the streets can result in more opportunistic crime.
→
SOLUTION
Seeing more police officers on the beat might put people off criminal behaviour.
PS
CAUSE
All too often, criminals get off very lightly.
→
SOLUTION
Harsher punishment can deter people from crime.
PS
CAUSE
Poverty encourages some people to turn to crime in order to pay bills and meet family responsibilities.
→
SOLUTION
The government should increase social benefits to alleviate poverty.
PS
CAUSE
Unemployment can lead people to crime due to financial pressure and a lack of structure in their daily lives.
→
SOLUTION
Offering training programmes can stimulate employment, bring hope and give structure to people’s lives.
PS
CAUSE
Young people can easily turn to crime from peer pressure or lack of parental guidance.
→
SOLUTION
Schools and parents should teach young people to shun criminal and anti-social behaviour.
PS
Long Term Prison Sentences
SUAL
In some countries, offenders are given very long prison sentences. Do the advantages of this approach outweigh the disadvantages?
FOR
5
1
Criminals are locked away and society is effectively protected.
DV
2
It keeps criminals off the streets and prevents them from re-offending so often.
DV
3
A lengthy punishment illustrates that the crime is wrong.
DV
4
Offenders are deterred by long sentences.
DV
5
Victims and their families are spared the fear of meeting the offender again.
OP
AGAINST
5
1
Criminals leaving prison after long periods of incarceration find it hard to adapt to life on the outside.
DV
2
Criminals receive punishment only, rather than training or rehabilitation programmes.
DV
3
Taxpayers must foot the bill for long term accommodation.
DV
4
Long sentences do little to deter crimes committed on impulse or under the influence.
DV
5
Prisons hold offenders together, and many leave with better criminal contacts than they arrived with.
PS
Community Service Instead of Prison
SUAL
Prison sentences for non-violent crimes should be replaced with community service. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
FOR
5
1
Offenders repay the community directly instead of sitting idle at public expense.,OP
OP
2
It keeps first-time offenders away from hardened criminals in prison.,PS
OP
3
People keep their jobs, homes and family ties — the things that stop them re-offending.,PS
OP
4
It costs a fraction of what it costs to hold someone in prison.,AD
OP
5
Visible unpaid work in the neighbourhood carries its own deterrent effect.,DV
OP
AGAINST
5
1
For serious offences it does not reflect the gravity of the crime or satisfy victims.,OP
OP
2
Offenders remain in the community, so the public is not protected.,DV
OP
3
Supervision is difficult, and orders are often left incomplete.,AD
OP
4
Without the threat of prison, some offenders treat the punishment as trivial.,OP
OP
5
Unpaid offender labour may displace paid work local people would otherwise do.,AD
OP
Re-Offending After Release from Prison
SUAL
Many prisoners commit further crimes soon after their release. Why does this happen, and what could be done to prevent it?
CAUSES
5
1
People with a criminal record are not accepted by society.
PS
2
Ex-convicts are unable to find paid employment.
PS
3
They are conditioned by life in prison and cannot adapt to life outside prison.
PS
4
Criminal behaviour is a mindset.
PS
5
Peer pressure from other offenders has a negative effect.
PS
SOLUTIONS
5
1
Ex-convicts should receive counselling before re-entering society.
PS
2
Training programmes in prison can help offenders develop new skills.
PS
3
Criminals must be rehabilitated to avoid anti- social behaviour.
PS
4
Rehabilitation programmes should help them make the right choices in life.
PS
5
Rehabilitation programmes should tackle the social exclusion of offenders and their families.
PS
Internet Crime / Cybercrime
SUAL
Crime committed online is increasing rapidly. What forms does it take, and how can ordinary people protect themselves?
TYPES OF CRIME
6
1
Hacking computers and databases to obtain financial and private information.
TQ
2
Hacking people’s emails and computers to hold them for ransom.
TQ
3
Money laundering online.
TQ
4
Fraudulent companies selling online.
TQ
5
Racial and sexual harassment.
TQ
6
Targeting and exploiting children.
TQ
SOLUTIONS
6
1
People need to take responsibility for their own internet security.
TQ
2
People should not pay a company that they do not know.
TQ
3
The government needs stricter control of the internet.
TQ
4
Parents need to monitor their children’s online activities.
TQ
5
People should buy good anti-virus software and use strong passwords.
TQ
6
Parents need to talk to children about the internet and its dangers.
TQ
Advanced Technology to Solve & Prevent Crime
SUAL
Some believe technology is the most effective way to prevent crime, while others argue it has very little effect. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
FOR
5
1
Criminals or criminal groups can be tracked by electronic surveillance.
DV
2
Data mapping allows the police to gain access to information.
DV
3
Online chatter can be monitored in real time.
DV
4
Plans for crime can be uncovered online.
DV
5
Bystanders can record crimes in action on their smart phones.
DV
AGAINST
5
1
Many low-tech crimes are still being committed.
DV
2
Some crimes are spur of the moment and cannot be tracked beforehand.
DV
3
Re-education is the best prevention of crime.
DV
4
The internet is too vast to effectively control or monitor.
DV
5
Some criminals have better technological skills than the police.
DV
Fixed Punishment for all Crimes
SUAL
There should be a fixed punishment for each type of crime, whatever the circumstances. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
FOR
6
1
Punishment will be objective and not depend on the judge’s opinion.
DV
2
It means that being able to afford a good defence attorney will not affect the punishment given, which leads to greater equality.
DV
3
It saves time in court and is more cost effective.
DV
4
It is a more effective deterrent when people know the exact consequences for the crime they commit.
DV
5
It prevents any corruption within the legal system affecting the punishment given.
DV
6
It prevents criminals slipping through loopholes in the law.
DV
AGAINST
5
1
Not all crimes are committed under the same circumstances.
DV
2
A person who plans a violent crime with clear intention should not receive the same punishment as someone who acts in self- defence.
DV
3
Personal circumstances, such as extreme poverty or mental health, should be taken into account.
DV
4
Not all people who commit a crime are violent or aggressive by nature.
DV
5
A person who has never committed a crime should not receive the same punishment as a repeat offender with a long prison record.
DV
Juvenile Crime
SUAL
Crime committed by young people is rising in many countries. What are the reasons for this, and what can be done about it?
CAUSES
5
1
Violence in the media can affect young people’s attitudes and behaviour.
PS
2
Lack of parental guidance can lead teenagers to delinquency.
PS
3
Peer pressure and gangs can exert an adverse influence on the young.
PS
4
Lack of interests and direction can lead youngsters astray.
PS
5
Domestic violence can force young people onto the streets and into bad company.
PS
SOLUTIONS
7
1
Limit the viewing time of violent films and online games.
PS
2
Parents must set clear guidelines and rules.
PS
3
Encourage parents to take an active role in their child’s life.
PS
4
The government should have supervised social clubs where youths can go in their free time.
PS
5
Encourage youngsters to take up a sport or a hobby.
PS
6
Set up more helplines and support groups for young people from troubled family backgrounds.
PS
7
Schools should organise more interesting and involving extracurricular activities.
PS
Juveniles Receiving Adult Punishment
SUAL
Young offenders who commit serious crimes should receive the same punishment as adults. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
FOR
5
1
Juveniles need to know that the law is serious, and punishment is a good way to teach them this.
DV
2
Violent crime should carry the harshest sentence.
DV
3
Teenagers are fully aware of their actions and know the rules of society.
DV
4
People with a violent nature should be removed from society as early as possible.
DV
5
A crime is a crime regardless of age.
DV
AGAINST
5
1
Juveniles are not fully responsible for their actions.
DV
2
Teenagers need re-education and re- socialisation, not punishment.
DV
3
Bad behaviour is easier to change when a person is young.
DV
4
Youngsters might be negatively influenced by time in adult prisons.
DV
5
Adult sentences are too severe for youngsters.
DV
The Death Penalty
SUAL
Some people believe the death penalty is the only appropriate punishment for the most serious crimes, while others consider it never justified. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
FOR
5
1
Capital punishment deters criminals from contemplating crime.
DV
2
It sends a clear message that crime is morally wrong.
DV
3
It eliminates the possibility of criminals re- offending.
DV
4
It is a cost-effective punishment and a cheaper alternative to prison.
DV
5
Criminals who commit heinous crimes should be put to death to protect society.
DV
AGAINST
5
1
Innocent people wrongly convicted might be killed.
DV
2
Executing someone is equivalent to killing or murdering someone.
DV
3
There is no pain-free way to kill someone.
DV
4
It is better to re-educate and re-socialise criminals.
DV
5
The death penalty does not effectively reduce the crime rate.
DV
Responsibility for Crime in Society
SUAL
Some argue that preventing crime is the government’s responsibility, while others say individuals must protect themselves. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
THE GOVERNMENT
5
1
The government has the responsibility to allocate more funds to policing the streets.
DV
2
The government should set up more counter- terrorist units.
DV
3
Cybercrime units should be better funded.
DV
4
Only the government has the ability to alter society on a national scale through the implementation of new laws and stricter punishment.
DV
5
The government is responsible for keeping the public informed about risks and how those risks can be reduced.
DV
INDIVIDUALS
5
1
Individuals should ensure their belongings and house are secure on a daily basis.
DV
2
It is only the individual’s responsibility to change their passwords regularly and keep their online transactions secure.
DV
3
People should learn self-defence and be aware of their safety on the streets.
DV
4
People should take responsibility for protecting their own neighbourhood by reporting suspicious behaviour and setting up neighbourhood watch schemes.
DV
5
People should avoid making choices that put them at risk, such as walking alone late at night.
DV
Broadcasting Criminal Trials on TV
SUAL
In some countries, criminal trials are broadcast on television. Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?
FOR
5
1
The public are entitled to information, so they can form their own opinions.
DV
2
The public can learn about court proceedings and the legal system in their country.
DV
3
Seeing a criminal being tried might discourage others who are contemplating crime.
DV
4
Open coverage makes corruption and unfair treatment in the courts far harder to conceal.
DV
5
Broadcasts let victims’ families and the wider public see justice actually being done.
OP
AGAINST
5
1
Public and media pressure might determine the outcome.
DV
2
Public opinion might invalidate the jury’s role in the long run.
DV
3
Legal representatives might use TV as an opportunity to sell themselves rather than focus on the task in hand.
DV
4
It might turn criminals into TV stars, which might adversely affect young people.
DV
5
Witnesses may refuse to testify, or change their evidence, if they know they will be filmed.
AD
CRIME & PUNISHMENT · WORD BANK · 48 Termin
Faydalı anlayışlar
& akademik lüğət
Termin · Məna · Kollokasiya və nümunə cümlələr.
01
community service
n
Unpaid work carried out as a punishment.
sentenced to 200 hours of community service
02
custodial sentence
n
A punishment served in prison.
avoid a custodial sentence
03
parole
n
Early release on condition of good behaviour.
released on parole after four years
04
first-time offender
n
Someone convicted for the first time.
leniency for first-time offenders
05
deterrence
n
The use of punishment to prevent crime.
deterrence is the main argument for harsh sentences
06
crime rate
n
The number of crimes in a place over a period.
a steadily falling crime rate
07
miscarriage of justice
n
A serious legal error that convicts an innocent person.
a notorious miscarriage of justice
08
testify
v
To give evidence in court.
witnesses refuse to testify
09
jury
n
The citizens who decide guilt at a trial.
media coverage can sway a jury
10
re-offend
v
To commit another crime after being punished.
most released prisoners re-offend within a year
11
rehabilitate
v
To help an offender return to normal life.
prisons should rehabilitate, not just punish
12
petty crime
n
Minor offences such as small thefts.
petty crime is rife on the estate
13
organised crime
n
Serious crime committed by structured criminal groups.
crack down on organised crime
14
cybercrime
n
Crime committed using computers or the internet.
cybercrime is rising sharply
15
identity theft
n
Stealing someone’s personal details to commit fraud.
protect yourself from identity theft
16
surveillance
n
Close observation, especially by cameras or police.
widespread CCTV surveillance
17
law-abiding
adj
Universal
Obeying the law.
ordinary law-abiding citizens
18
with impunity
idiom
Universal
Without any punishment or bad consequence.
offenders act with impunity
19
a deterrent
n
Universal
Something that discourages an action.
long sentences act as a deterrent
20
mitigating circumstances
n
Facts that make an offence less serious.
the court considered mitigating circumstances
21
proportionate
adj
Universal
Matching the seriousness of what was done.
a proportionate punishment
22
the root causes
n
Universal
The underlying reasons for a problem.
tackle the root causes of crime
23
enforce the law
v
Universal
To make people obey a law.
police must enforce the law consistently
24
capital punishment
n
The death penalty.
abolish capital punishment
25
recidivism
n
The tendency of offenders to commit crimes again.
stubbornly high recidivism rates
26
restorative justice
n
Bringing offender and victim together to repair harm.
restorative justice schemes
27
an acquittal
n
A court decision that someone is not guilty.
an acquittal on all charges
28
a conviction
n
A formal finding of guilt.
a previous conviction counts against him
29
to serve a sentence
v
To complete a punishment.
serve a five-year sentence
30
a suspended sentence
n
A prison term not served unless the offender re-offends.
given a suspended sentence
31
lenient
adj
Universal
Not strict enough in punishing.
judges are criticised as too lenient
32
to crack down on
phr v
Universal
To take strong action against.
crack down on knife crime
33
zero tolerance
n
Punishing every offence, however small.
a zero-tolerance approach to graffiti
34
a vigilante
n
Someone who punishes crime without legal authority.
vigilante groups patrol the estate
35
to turn to crime
v
To begin committing crimes.
young men turn to crime for money
36
socio-economic factors
n
Universal
Conditions of income, work and class that shape behaviour.
the socio-economic factors behind offending
37
a soft target
n
A person or place easy to rob or attack.
tourists are a soft target
38
to tighten security
v
To make protective measures stricter.
tighten security at airports
39
a hate crime
n
A crime motivated by prejudice.
report a hate crime
40
white-collar crime
n
Non-violent crime committed for financial gain at work.
white-collar crime goes under-punished
41
embezzlement
n
Stealing money placed in one’s trust.
convicted of embezzlement
42
to launder money
v
To disguise the origin of illegal money.
launder money through property
43
an accomplice
n
A person who helps someone commit a crime.
arrested as an accomplice
44
premeditated
adj
Planned in advance.
a premeditated attack
45
in self-defence
idiom
Acting to protect oneself from attack.
she acted in self-defence
46
probation
n
Supervision in the community instead of prison.
placed on probation for two years
47
witness protection
n
Measures taken to keep witnesses safe.
enter witness protection
48
the presumption of innocence
n
The principle that the accused is innocent until proven guilty.
undermine the presumption of innocence
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