CHAPTER 21 OF 30
Society
7 Sual
56 İdeya
24 Termin
Etiket ideyanın ən uyğun olduğu esse növünü göstərir; ideyanın yalnız həmin növdə istifadə oluna biləcəyi demək deyil.
Littering and public cleanliness
SUAL
Litter is a growing problem in many towns and cities. What are the causes, and what measures could be taken to reduce it?
CAUSES
5
1
Weak enforcement and almost no chance of being caught.
PS
2
Anonymity in large cities, where nobody feels watched.
PS
3
Too few bins on busy routes.
PS
4
Heavily packaged convenience food.
PS
5
A “broken windows” effect, where existing rubbish signals that dropping more is acceptable.
PS
SOLUTIONS
5
1
On-the-spot fines backed by real enforcement.
PS
2
Deposit-return schemes on bottles and cans, which give litter a cash value.
PS
3
Making manufacturers responsible for the packaging they produce.
PS
4
Community clean-up days that build civic pride.
PS
5
Sustained campaigns in schools, since habits form young.
PS
Homelessness
SUAL
Homelessness is increasing in many wealthy countries. What are the causes of this, and what can be done about it?
CAUSES
5
1
Rents rising much faster than wages.
PS
2
Decades of under-investment in social housing.
PS
3
Family breakdown and domestic abuse.
PS
4
Untreated mental illness and addiction.
PS
5
People leaving care, the army or prison with no transition support.
PS
SOLUTIONS
4
1
A “Housing First” approach, which provides stable accommodation before addressing other problems.
PS
2
Expanding genuinely affordable housing stock.
PS
3
Wraparound services combining housing, treatment and employment support.
PS
4
Prevention through eviction advice and help with deposits, which is far cheaper than crisis intervention.
PS
Traditional lifestyles
SUAL
Some believe traditional ways of life should be actively preserved, while others think communities should be free to modernise. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
FOR PRESERVING
4
1
Traditional practices carry ecological knowledge accumulated over centuries that modern science is only now rediscovering.
DV
2
They anchor cultural identity in a globalised world.
DV
3
They support tourism and craft economies.
DV
4
They maintain links between generations.
DV
THE OTHER SIDE
3
1
Cultures have always changed, and freezing them can trap communities in poverty.
DV
2
People should be free to choose modern lives.
DV
3
Preservation sometimes turns living traditions into performances staged for visitors.
DV
Rural to urban migration
SUAL
Large numbers of people are moving from the countryside to cities. Why is this happening, what problems does it cause, and what could be done about it?
PUSH AND PULL FACTORS
3
1
Mechanised farming needs fewer workers.
TQ
2
Rural schools and clinics are poorly resourced.
TQ
3
Cities offer higher wages, universities, hospitals and a wider social life.
TQ
PROBLEMS
3
1
Overcrowding and informal settlements.
TQ
2
Infrastructure built for a smaller population.
TQ
3
Rural areas left with an ageing population and falling food production.
TQ
SOLUTIONS
4
1
Decentralise industry and government offices to regional towns.
TQ
2
Invest in rural broadband so remote work is viable.
TQ
3
Improve rural healthcare and secondary education.
TQ
4
Develop satellite towns rather than letting one city absorb everything.
TQ
Cultural diversity
SUAL
Some believe cultural diversity strengthens a society, while others think it weakens social unity. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
FOR
4
1
Friction between different assumptions is where new ideas come from.
DV
2
Exposure to difference builds tolerance early.
DV
3
Immigration fills labour gaps in ageing societies.
DV
4
Food, music and the arts are visibly enriched.
DV
AGAINST
3
1
Integration is slow and can produce parallel communities that barely interact.
DV
2
Rapid demographic change strains housing and schools.
DV
3
Some host communities feel their own traditions are being displaced, which populist politics exploits.
DV
Happiness
SUAL
People define happiness in very different ways. What factors contribute most to human happiness?
WIDELY CITED FACTORS
5
1
Physical health.
TQ
2
Close relationships.
TQ
3
Meaningful work with some autonomy.
TQ
4
Financial security up to a threshold, beyond which extra income adds little.
TQ
5
A sense of belonging to a community.
TQ
The generation gap
SUAL
The gap between young people and their parents’ generation appears to be widening. Why is this happening, and what could be done to bridge it?
CAUSES
4
1
Technology changes faster than one generation can absorb.
PS
2
Young people face completely different economic conditions from their parents.
PS
3
Extended education delays independence.
PS
4
Multigenerational households have largely disappeared.
PS
SOLUTIONS
4
1
Shared activities that neither side dominates.
PS
2
Reverse mentoring, where the young teach digital skills and the old teach craft and history.
PS
3
Intergenerational housing and volunteering schemes.
PS
4
Family rituals that survive busy schedules.
PS
SOCIETY · WORD BANK · 24 Termin
Faydalı anlayışlar
& akademik lüğət
Termin · Məna · Kollokasiya və nümunə cümlələr.
01
an eyesore
n
Something very ugly to look at.
abandoned cars are an eyesore
02
to blight the landscape
v
To spoil the appearance of an area.
litter blights the landscape
03
fly-tipping
n
Dumping rubbish illegally.
fly-tipping on country lanes
04
an on-the-spot fine
n
A penalty issued immediately at the scene.
on-the-spot fines for dropping litter
05
a deposit-return scheme
n
A system refunding money for returned containers.
a deposit-return scheme on bottles
06
civic pride
n
Pride in one’s own town and its condition.
clean-up days build civic pride
07
anti-social behaviour
n
Universal
Conduct that disturbs or harms the community.
tackle anti-social behaviour
08
a broken windows effect
n
The way visible neglect invites further disorder.
a broken windows effect on the estate
09
rough sleeping
n
Sleeping outdoors because of having no home.
rough sleeping has doubled
10
Housing First
n
A policy providing a stable home before other support.
a Housing First approach
11
a safety net
n
Universal
Support that catches people in difficulty.
the welfare safety net
12
social exclusion
n
Being shut out of normal participation in society.
homelessness leads to social exclusion
13
to fall through the cracks
idiom
Universal
To be missed by systems meant to help.
young people leaving care fall through the cracks
14
wraparound support
n
Combined services addressing all of a person’s needs.
wraparound support for rough sleepers
15
to be handed down through generations
v
Universal
To be passed from older to younger people.
skills handed down through generations
16
cultural homogenisation
n
Different cultures becoming more alike.
globalisation drives cultural homogenisation
17
indigenous knowledge
n
Understanding built up by a native community.
indigenous knowledge of local plants
18
to safeguard
v
Universal
To protect something from harm or loss.
safeguard traditional crafts
19
the rural exodus
n
Large-scale movement of people out of the countryside.
the rural exodus continues
20
push and pull factors
n
Reasons driving people away and drawing them elsewhere.
the push and pull factors behind migration
21
informal settlements
n
Unplanned housing built without permission.
informal settlements on the city edge
22
to put a strain on public services
idiom
Universal
To create more demand than they can meet.
migration puts a strain on public services
23
social cohesion
n
Universal
The sense that a society holds together.
policies that strengthen social cohesion
24
a melting pot
n
A place where many cultures mix.
the city is a melting pot
Axtarışa uyğun termin tapılmadı.