CHAPTER 10 OF 30
Environment
7 Sual
80 İdeya
48 Termin
Etiket ideyanın ən uyğun olduğu esse növünü göstərir; ideyanın yalnız həmin növdə istifadə oluna biləcəyi demək deyil.
Pollution
SUAL
Air pollution is becoming worse in many cities. What are the main causes, and what measures could governments and individuals take?
CAUSES
7
1
Fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil and coal are used in electricity generation for industrial and private consumption.
PS
2
Carbon dioxide is emitted from the burning of fossil fuels.
PS
3
Power plants generate electricity but also produce carbon dioxide.
PS
4
Road traffic emissions from petrol or diesel engines increase carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides.
PS
5
Chemicals used in agriculture, such as pesticides and insecticides, are released into the air.
PS
6
Cleaning products and paints cause indoor air pollution.
PS
7
An increase in the number of cars and low-cost airlines has contributed to air pollution.
PS
SOLUTIONS
7
1
Industries should be encouraged to use sustainable green energy.
PS
2
Emissions from industries should be monitored more closely, and fines for exceeding the legal limit should be increased.
PS
3
People can boycott products from companies known to pollute.
PS
4
Limit the number of cars on the road by increasing petrol tax, improving public transport and setting up traffic-free zones in city centres.
PS
5
People should control the use of energy in the home and avoid using products containing VOCs or other air pollutants.
PS
6
People should be encouraged to recycle more.
PS
7
A tax increase on budget airlines would lead to a reduction in the number of flights.
PS
Natural Beauty Spots
SUAL
Areas of natural beauty attract very large numbers of visitors. Why is it important to protect such places, and how can this best be done?
WHY THEY ARE IMPORTANT
4
1
Natural beauty spots are tourist attractions which boost a country’s economy.
TQ
2
Natural beauty spots provide peaceful places for locals to enjoy.
TQ
3
Places of natural beauty are often biodiverse, which promotes a healthy ecosystem.
TQ
4
Natural beauty spots are a source of national pride and identity.
TQ
SOLUTIONS TO PROTECT THEM
5
1
Stricter laws should be introduced to protect natural beauty spots from industrial pollution.
TQ
2
Laws should prohibit using areas near beauty spots for the development of industry.
TQ
3
Harsher fines and punishment can be imposed for those who litter.
TQ
4
Human habitation should not be allowed to encroach on natural beauty spots.
TQ
5
Poaching and illegal hunting should be more strictly controlled.
TQ
Deforestation
SUAL
Forests are disappearing at an increasing rate. What are the causes of deforestation, what problems does it create, and what can be done about it?
CAUSE
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
CAUSE
The spread of human habitation and urbanisation is one of the main causes of deforestation.
→
PROBLEM
Indigenous people can lose their homeland.
→
SOLUTION
The government needs to curb the felling of trees by introducing better laws.
TQ
CAUSE
As the world’s population grows, there is need for more agricultural land.
→
PROBLEM
Millions of species lose their habitat, and some are driven to extinction.
→
SOLUTION
Introduce better farming methods to prevent felling trees for farm land.
TQ
CAUSE
Some land is no longer fertile due to pollution, so forests must make way for agricultural plantations.
→
PROBLEM
Drier soil leads to erosion and barren, unusable land.
→
SOLUTION
Crop rotation means land is used more effectively.
TQ
CAUSE
Logging operations cut down many trees for paper production and wood.
→
PROBLEM
Global warming accelerates, as there are not enough trees to absorb greenhouse gases.
→
SOLUTION
Recycle paper products, unsubscribe from physical junk mail and refuse unaddressed post.
TQ
CAUSE
Some forests are destroyed by wildfires or overgrazing.
→
PROBLEM
Losing forest cover throws the whole ecosystem out of balance.
→
SOLUTION
Government should ensure reforestation of areas that have been affected.
TQ
CAUSE
An estimated 18 million acres of forest are destroyed each year.
→
PROBLEM
Trees are an essential part of the water cycle: less water in the air means less returns to the soil.
→
SOLUTION
Ban the commercial cutting down of primary forest outright.
TQ
Resource Depletion
SUAL
The world’s natural resources are being used up at an alarming rate. What problems does this cause, and what can be done about it?
CAUSES
8
1
The world’s population is growing, and demand is growing with it.
PS
2
The world does not have enough resources to support a rapidly growing population.
PS
3
Currently, humanity uses 50% of the world’s fresh water.
PS
4
In 40 years, the world will have consumed 80% of the fresh water available.
PS
5
Mineral and oil reserves are fast depleting.
PS
6
Human beings are over-exploiting their own planet.
PS
7
Pollution is having an adverse effect on the world’s resources.
PS
8
Soil depletion has a direct impact on the quantity and quality of food produced for our growing population.
PS
SOLUTIONS
9
1
The world needs to start saving water.
PS
2
Recycling should not only be encouraged but should be mandatory in certain countries.
PS
3
Food waste should be collected for compost.
PS
4
Compost can be used to nourish the soil and reverse soil depletion.
PS
5
The government should control the amount of electricity used.
PS
6
Children should be taught about resource depletion.
PS
7
Sustainable green sources of energy should be promoted and subsidised by the government.
PS
8
Individual people should make the right choices to recycle, reduce energy consumption and purchase only environmentally friendly products.
PS
9
Unwanted or unsold food should be redistributed.
PS
Who should Take Responsibility for Solving Environmental Issues?
SUAL
Some people believe individuals are responsible for protecting the environment, while others think it is the government’s job. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
INDIVIDUALS
5
1
The government cannot oversee or control the actions of all individuals.
DV
2
Even with laws to protect the environment, individuals must cooperate.
DV
3
People should actively reduce the amount of energy they use on a daily basis.
DV
4
People should recycle plastics and other materials more.
DV
5
People need to be responsible and buy products that do not harm the environment.
DV
THE GOVERNMENT
4
1
The government can impose tighter controls on companies that do not treat or dispose of waste effectively.
DV
2
Only governments can change laws and ensure that they are enforced.
DV
3
The government has the financial means to tackle nationwide pollution and other environmental problems.
DV
4
The government can collect information on a national scale to see the whole picture and take effective steps to deal with the problems.
DV
Solving Environmental Problems Globally or Domestically?
SUAL
Some argue environmental problems are too large for individual countries and must be tackled internationally, while others believe each country should deal with its own. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
DOMESTICALLY
6
1
Some pollution, such as river water pollution, is a localised problem.
DV
2
The government knows best how to tackle their own domestic pollution problems.
DV
3
The government of each country should be responsible for educating their own people about conserving energy and the importance of recycling.
DV
4
Local residents need to take responsibility for their actions.
DV
5
Only domestic governments can improve waste disposal and sanitation.
DV
6
Better public transport policies aiming to help reduce gas emissions must be implemented domestically.
DV
GLOBALLY
5
1
Developed countries are more responsible for global warming than other countries.
DV
2
Global warming affects all countries around the world and needs a joint effort to tackle it.
DV
3
The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions needs to be agreed at international conferences or summits.
DV
4
Air pollution and marine pollution affect more than one country at a time.
DV
5
Tackling environmental problems is a financial burden many countries cannot afford on their own.
DV
Declining Biodiversity
SUAL
The variety of plant and animal life on Earth is falling. What are the causes of this decline, and what are its effects?
CAUSES
8
1
Declining biodiversity is caused by the destruction of animal and plant habitat.
TQ
2
Due to industry, growing human population and agriculture, more land is needed.
TQ
3
As forest and other natural areas are claimed, plants and animals lose their habitat.
TQ
4
Pollution has affected plant and animal numbers.
TQ
5
Plant and animal species depend on each other.
TQ
6
If one species declines, it can affect other species which are dependent on it.
TQ
7
Over-fishing can cause a lack of biodiversity in the oceans.
TQ
8
Global warming and climate change have had an impact on plant and animal species.
TQ
PROBLEMS
6
1
As certain species decline in numbers, the ecosystem is thrown out of balance.
TQ
2
Maintaining the balance of the ecosystem is essential for the welfare of our planet.
TQ
3
Once a species is lost, it can never be brought back.
TQ
4
Loss of plant and animal species can affect our medical research and the development of treatments.
TQ
5
Biodiversity is essential for human health in terms of food and health care.
TQ
6
We should preserve the diversity of our planet’s plants and animals for future generations to enjoy.
TQ
ENVIRONMENT · WORD BANK · 48 Termin
Faydalı anlayışlar
& akademik lüğət
Termin · Məna · Kollokasiya və nümunə cümlələr.
01
carbon footprint
n
Universal
The total emissions caused by a person or activity.
reduce your carbon footprint
02
renewable
adj
Naturally replaced, and so not running out.
renewable sources such as wind and solar
03
landfill
n
A site where waste is buried.
divert household waste from landfill
04
single-use plastic
n
Plastic thrown away after one use.
ban single-use plastics
05
global warming
n
Universal
The long-term rise in the Earth’s temperature.
slow the pace of global warming
06
climate change
n
Universal
Long-term shifts in weather patterns.
adapt to climate change
07
offset
v
To compensate for emissions produced elsewhere.
offset the emissions from flights
08
raise awareness
v
Universal
To make people better informed about an issue.
campaigns raise awareness of plastic waste
09
enforce legislation
v
Universal
To make people obey a law.
enforce environmental legislation
10
greenhouse gases
n
Universal
Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere.
curb greenhouse gases
11
fossil fuels
n
Coal, oil and gas formed over millions of years.
shift away from fossil fuels
12
emissions
n
Gases released into the air.
cut emissions from transport
13
deforestation
n
Universal
Clearing forests on a large scale.
deforestation for agricultural land
14
reforestation
n
Replanting trees where forest has been lost.
fund reforestation of cleared land
15
soil erosion
n
The wearing away of soil by wind and water.
drier soil leads to erosion
16
depletion of resources
n
Using up natural materials faster than they renew.
the depletion of fresh water
17
finite resources
n
Universal
Materials that exist only in limited quantities.
oil is a finite resource
18
conservation
n
Universal
Protecting nature from harm and waste.
water conservation measures
19
a landfill tax
n
A charge on burying waste rather than reusing it.
the landfill tax raised recycling rates
20
contaminate
v
To make something dirty or poisonous.
chemicals contaminate the water supply
21
ecosystem
n
Universal
A community of living things and their environment.
throw the ecosystem out of balance
22
biodiversity
n
Universal
The variety of living things in an area or on Earth.
the loss of biodiversity
23
sustainable development
n
Universal
Growth that does not exhaust natural resources.
commit to sustainable development
24
tackle a problem at source
idiom
Universal
To deal with the origin of a problem, not its symptoms.
tackle plastic waste at source
25
mitigation / adaptation
n
Reducing climate change; adjusting to its effects.
mitigation and adaptation must run together
26
a carbon tax
n
A charge on fuels according to their emissions.
introduce a carbon tax
27
net zero
n
Releasing no more greenhouse gas than is removed.
a legally binding net-zero target
28
the circular economy
n
A system where materials are reused rather than discarded.
move towards a circular economy
29
planned obsolescence
n
Designing goods to fail or date quickly.
planned obsolescence drives electronic waste
30
electronic waste
n
Discarded phones, computers and appliances.
mountains of electronic waste
31
to phase out
phr v
Universal
To stop using something gradually.
phase out petrol engines
32
the polluter-pays principle
n
The rule that those causing pollution meet its cost.
apply the polluter-pays principle
33
an emissions cap
n
A legal limit on how much may be released.
set an emissions cap on heavy industry
34
to retrofit
v
To fit existing buildings with cleaner technology.
retrofit older housing with insulation
35
energy efficiency
n
Getting the same result from less power.
improve household energy efficiency
36
air quality
n
How clean or polluted the air is.
air quality in the city centre
37
particulate matter
n
Tiny airborne particles that damage the lungs.
particulate matter from diesel engines
38
a low-emission zone
n
An area where polluting vehicles are restricted.
expand the low-emission zone
39
habitat fragmentation
n
The breaking up of habitats into isolated pieces.
roads cause habitat fragmentation
40
rewilding
n
Returning land to a natural, uncultivated state.
rewilding marginal farmland
41
an environmental impact assessment
n
A study of the effects a project will have on nature.
require an environmental impact assessment
42
a moratorium
n
Universal
An official temporary ban.
a moratorium on new drilling
43
the precautionary principle
n
Universal
Acting to prevent harm even without full proof.
invoke the precautionary principle
44
intergenerational equity
n
Universal
Fairness towards people not yet born.
intergenerational equity is at stake
45
climate refugees
n
People forced to move by environmental change.
millions could become climate refugees
46
to sequester carbon
v
To capture and store carbon dioxide.
forests sequester carbon
47
a tipping point
n
Universal
The moment after which change becomes unstoppable.
approach a climatic tipping point
48
eco-anxiety
n
Distress caused by worry about environmental damage.
eco-anxiety among young people
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