CHAPTER 29 OF 30
World Issues
6 Sual
63 İdeya
24 Termin
Etiket ideyanın ən uyğun olduğu esse növünü göstərir; ideyanın yalnız həmin növdə istifadə oluna biləcəyi demək deyil.
World overpopulation
SUAL
The world’s population continues to grow rapidly. What are the causes of this growth, what problems does it create, and what could be done about it?
CAUSES
4
1
Falling death rates rather than rising birth rates in most countries.
TQ
2
Better sanitation, vaccination and nutrition.
TQ
3
Sharply lower infant mortality.
TQ
4
Fertility treatment and longer lifespans.
TQ
PROBLEMS
4
1
Pressure on food, water and housing.
TQ
2
Unemployment as the labour supply outgrows the jobs available.
TQ
3
Deforestation and resource depletion.
TQ
4
Inequality and the unrest it produces.
TQ
SOLUTIONS
4
1
Girls’ education is the single most reliable predictor of lower birth rates.
TQ
2
Accessible family planning and sex education.
TQ
3
Economic security, since large families are often a form of pension.
TQ
4
Incentives rather than coercive population policies, which have serious side effects.
TQ
An ageing population
SUAL
Populations in many countries are ageing rapidly. What problems does this create, and what measures could address them?
PROBLEMS
4
1
A shrinking workforce supporting a growing retired population.
PS
2
Pension systems designed for a different demographic.
PS
3
Healthcare and social care budgets squeezing everything else.
PS
4
Rural areas ageing fastest.
PS
SOLUTIONS
5
1
Phased and flexible retirement.
PS
2
Immigration to fill workforce gaps.
PS
3
Automation in care and manufacturing.
PS
4
Making childcare affordable enough that people can have the families they say they want.
PS
5
Preventive health to compress the years of dependency.
PS
Global warming
SUAL
Global warming is one of the most serious threats facing the world. What are its main causes, and what could be done to slow it?
CAUSES
4
1
Burning fossil fuels for electricity, industry and transport.
PS
2
Deforestation removing the carbon sinks that would absorb it.
PS
3
Intensive agriculture and methane from livestock.
PS
4
Cement production.
PS
SOLUTIONS
6
1
Shifting generation to renewables and storage.
PS
2
Electrifying transport and improving public transport.
PS
3
Insulating buildings, which is the cheapest saving available.
PS
4
Carbon pricing so the cost appears in the price.
PS
5
Reforestation and protection of existing forest.
PS
6
International agreements with real enforcement.
PS
International aid
SUAL
Some believe wealthy countries have a duty to give aid to poorer ones, while others argue aid does more harm than good. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
FOR
4
1
Extreme poverty is survivable and preventable, and aid demonstrably saves lives in famine and epidemic.
DV
2
Stable, prospering neighbours reduce conflict and migration pressure.
DV
3
Today’s recipients become tomorrow’s markets.
DV
4
Wealthy nations built much of their wealth through historical extraction.
DV
AGAINST
5
1
Aid can entrench dependency and weaken the incentive to reform.
DV
2
Corrupt governments divert it.
DV
3
It can undercut local producers, as free food does to farmers.
DV
4
Trade access and debt relief often do more good than transfers.
DV
5
Domestic taxpayers have needs too.
DV
A MIDDLE POSITION WORTH TAKING
1
1
The question is not whether to give but how — capacity building, teacher and medical training and infrastructure rather than cash, with conditions and independent auditing.
DV
The growing gap between rich and poor
SUAL
The gap between rich and poor is widening in many countries. What are the causes of this, and what could be done to reduce it?
CAUSES
5
1
Capital returns growing faster than wages.
PS
2
Automation hollowing out middle-skill jobs.
PS
3
Unequal access to quality education.
PS
4
Tax systems that favour wealth over income.
PS
5
Corruption in the distribution of public resources.
PS
SOLUTIONS
5
1
A genuine living wage.
PS
2
Free education and healthcare funded by progressive taxation.
PS
3
Closing the loopholes that let wealth go untaxed.
PS
4
Vocational retraining for displaced workers.
PS
5
Ensuring social mobility is possible at all.
PS
The brain drain
SUAL
Many skilled professionals leave developing countries to work abroad. Why does this happen, what problems does it cause, and what could be done about it?
CAUSES
4
1
Low pay and poor conditions at home.
TQ
2
Political instability.
TQ
3
Better research facilities and career paths abroad.
TQ
4
Recruitment by wealthy countries that did not pay for the training.
TQ
PROBLEMS
3
1
The country funds an expensive education and loses the return.
TQ
2
Shortages in exactly the fields that matter most, such as medicine.
TQ
3
Those left behind have fewer mentors, which accelerates the outflow.
TQ
SOLUTIONS
5
1
Competitive salaries and clear promotion based on merit rather than connections.
TQ
2
Investment in laboratories, hospitals and schools.
TQ
3
Bonded scholarships with a service period.
TQ
4
Diaspora programmes that bring expertise back temporarily.
TQ
5
Remittances and returning migrants can partly offset the loss.
TQ
WORLD ISSUES · WORD BANK · 24 Termin
Faydalı anlayışlar
& akademik lüğət
Termin · Məna · Kollokasiya və nümunə cümlələr.
01
birth rate
n
The number of births per thousand people.
a falling birth rate
02
death rate
n
The number of deaths per thousand people.
falling death rates drive population growth
03
demographic transition
n
The shift from high to low birth and death rates.
countries at different stages of demographic transition
04
infant mortality
n
The rate of deaths among babies.
sharply lower infant mortality
05
family planning
n
Controlling how many children people have.
accessible family planning
06
unsustainable
adj
Universal
Impossible to continue without serious harm.
an unsustainable rate of growth
07
resource depletion
n
Using up natural materials faster than they renew.
population growth accelerates resource depletion
08
social unrest
n
Universal
Public anger expressed through protest or disorder.
inequality produces social unrest
09
the dependency ratio
n
The number of non-workers supported by each worker.
a worsening dependency ratio
10
a strained care system
n
Universal
Services under more pressure than they can bear.
a strained elderly care system
11
a pension shortfall
n
The gap between what a pension system owes and what it holds.
a widening pension shortfall
12
pension provision
n
Arrangements for paying people in retirement.
pension provision designed for a different era
13
carbon intensity
n
The emissions produced per unit of energy or output.
reduce the carbon intensity of steel
14
the greenhouse effect
n
The warming caused by gases trapping heat.
the greenhouse effect intensifies
15
glacier retreat
n
The shrinking of glaciers over time.
glacier retreat in the Alps
16
carbon sinks
n
Forests and oceans that absorb carbon dioxide.
deforestation removes carbon sinks
17
to curb emissions
v
Universal
To limit the amount of gas released.
international agreements to curb emissions
18
a humanitarian crisis
n
An event causing widespread human suffering.
respond to a humanitarian crisis
19
aid dependency
n
Relying permanently on help from outside.
aid dependency weakens reform
20
capacity building
n
Developing local skills and institutions.
capacity building rather than cash
21
tied aid
n
Help given on condition it is spent with the donor.
tied aid benefits the giver
22
a moral obligation
n
Universal
A duty based on what is right.
a moral obligation to help
23
brighter prospects
n
Universal
Better chances of success in future.
brighter prospects abroad
24
remittances
n
Money sent home by people working abroad.
remittances partly offset the loss
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