CHAPTER 28 OF 30
Work
10 Sual
71 İdeya
48 Termin
Etiket ideyanın ən uyğun olduğu esse növünü göstərir; ideyanın yalnız həmin növdə istifadə oluna biləcəyi demək deyil.
Education versus experience
SUAL
Some employers value formal qualifications most, while others look for practical experience. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
EDUCATION
3
1
A degree signals trainability and gives the theoretical grounding that lets someone adapt when the job changes.
DV
2
Regulated professions require it by law.
DV
3
Graduates tend to reach senior roles faster.
DV
EXPERIENCE
4
1
Employers can see what someone has actually delivered rather than what they might be capable of.
DV
2
Vocational fields reward hands-on ability far more than certificates.
DV
3
Graduates without experience face a crowded market.
DV
4
The best courses now build in placements precisely because the gap is real.
DV
Job satisfaction
SUAL
Some believe job satisfaction is a realistic expectation, while others think it is a luxury few can afford. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
REALISTIC
2
1
Eight hours a day for forty years is too large a share of a life to treat as merely instrumental.
DV
2
Autonomy, recognition and a sense of purpose are within most employers’ power to provide.
DV
UNREALISTIC
3
1
For many people the labour market simply does not offer a choice.
DV
2
In insecure economies having any job is the satisfaction.
DV
3
Some work is unavoidably unpleasant and someone has to do it.
DV
Work-life balance
SUAL
Many people find it increasingly difficult to balance work and personal life. Why is this happening, and what could be done about it?
CAUSES
4
1
Smartphones make employees permanently reachable.
PS
2
Remote work removed the physical boundary between office and home.
PS
3
Flat job markets make people afraid to refuse extra work.
PS
4
Long commutes eat into whatever time is left.
PS
SOLUTIONS
4
1
A legal right to disconnect outside working hours, as in France.
PS
2
Results-based rather than hours-based evaluation.
PS
3
Genuine flexitime.
PS
4
Managers modelling the behaviour instead of emailing at midnight.
PS
Who deserves high salaries
SUAL
Some believe professionals such as doctors and teachers deserve the highest salaries, while others point to sports and entertainment stars. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
DOCTORS AND TEACHERS
3
1
Their work is indispensable and its value is long-term rather than visible.
DV
2
Years of expensive training and continuous professional development.
DV
3
Underpaying them creates shortages that harm everyone.
DV
SPORTS AND ENTERTAINMENT STARS
4
1
Their salaries come from ticket sales and sponsorship rather than taxation.
DV
2
Careers are short and can end with a single injury.
DV
3
They generate enormous revenue and national visibility.
DV
4
Market demand, not merit, sets the price.
DV
Children and part-time work
SUAL
In some countries school-age children take part-time jobs. Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?
FOR
3
1
Early work teaches time management, the value of money and how to deal with people outside the family.
AD
2
In poorer households a second income is not optional.
AD
3
It can reveal interests school never touches.
AD
AGAINST
3
1
Childhood is short and schoolwork plus a job leaves nothing for play or friendship.
AD
2
Children have almost no bargaining power against an employer.
AD
3
Tiredness shows up directly in grades.
AD
Child labour
SUAL
Millions of children around the world are still in full-time work. What are the causes of child labour, and what could be done to end it?
CAUSES
4
1
Destitution that leaves families no alternative.
PS
2
Schooling that is neither free nor compulsory in practice.
PS
3
Labour laws that exist on paper but go unenforced.
PS
4
Global supply chains that reward the cheapest possible production.
PS
SOLUTIONS
4
1
Cash transfers conditional on school attendance, so families are not worse off.
PS
2
Debt relief that frees budgets for education.
PS
3
Enforceable standards in supply chains and fairtrade purchasing.
PS
4
Genuinely free compulsory schooling to at least fifteen.
PS
Working from home
SUAL
An increasing number of people work from home rather than in an office. Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?
FOR
5
1
Commuting time returns to the employee.
AD
2
A workspace designed to suit you.
AD
3
Fewer interruptions for deep work.
AD
4
Access to jobs regardless of where you live.
AD
5
Lower overheads for the company.
AD
AGAINST
4
1
Isolation accumulates slowly and is hard to notice until it bites.
AD
2
Informal conversation is where a lot of learning and problem-solving actually happens.
AD
3
Junior staff lose mentoring.
AD
4
Home and work merge until neither has an end.
AD
Equal salaries for all employees
SUAL
All employees in a company should be paid the same salary. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
FOR
3
1
Extreme pay ratios within one company are hard to justify on any measure of contribution.
OP
2
Flat structures push decision-making down and improve cooperation.
OP
3
Pay secrecy conceals discrimination.
OP
AGAINST
3
1
Pay has to reflect training, responsibility and risk or nobody will take on the harder roles.
OP
2
Without progression, ambitious staff leave.
OP
3
Industrial action usually targets unfair differentials, not differentials as such.
OP
Extending the retirement age
SUAL
The retirement age should be raised as people live longer. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
FOR
4
1
Pensions were designed when people died within a few years of retiring.
OP
2
Funds are now paying out more than they take in.
OP
3
Many people are healthy and willing to keep working.
OP
4
Losing experienced staff wastes decades of accumulated knowledge.
OP
AGAINST
3
1
It is regressive, since manual workers wear out earlier and die younger than office workers.
OP
2
Older workers staying on can block entry-level opportunities for the young.
OP
3
The real answer is flexible, phased retirement rather than one fixed number.
OP
Robots and work
SUAL
Robots are taking over an increasing number of jobs. Do the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages?
FOR
4
1
Robots do dangerous, repetitive and precision work better than people.
AD
2
They lower production costs and therefore prices.
AD
3
They can run continuously.
AD
4
Surgical robots already improve outcomes.
AD
AGAINST
4
1
Automation displaces exactly the workers with the fewest alternatives.
AD
2
Machines handle the expected case but not the unexpected one.
AD
3
A breakdown can halt an entire line.
AD
4
Robots have no judgement beyond what was programmed into them.
AD
WORK · WORD BANK · 48 Termin
Faydalı anlayışlar
& akademik lüğət
Termin · Məna · Kollokasiya və nümunə cümlələr.
01
hands-on experience
n
Universal
Practical experience of actually doing a job.
employers want hands-on experience
02
a head start
n
Universal
An advantage gained at the beginning.
a degree gives graduates a head start
03
to rise through the ranks
idiom
To be promoted gradually to senior positions.
she rose through the ranks
04
from the outset
idiom
Universal
From the very beginning.
trained on the job from the outset
05
an internship
n
A period of work done to gain experience.
an unpaid internship
06
employability
n
How likely someone is to be hired.
placements improve employability
07
to land a job
idiom
Universal
To succeed in getting a job.
graduates struggle to land a job
08
remuneration
n
Payment for work done.
remuneration commensurate with responsibility
09
intrinsic and extrinsic factors
n
Motivation from the work itself and from outside rewards.
both intrinsic and extrinsic factors matter
10
autonomy
n
Universal
Freedom to make your own decisions at work.
staff want autonomy over their tasks
11
to derive satisfaction from
v
Universal
To get a feeling of fulfilment from something.
derive satisfaction from the work itself
12
to be on call
idiom
Available to work whenever contacted.
staff are effectively on call all evening
13
to blur the boundaries
v
Universal
To make a clear division indistinct.
remote work blurs the boundaries
14
to wind down
phr v
Universal
To relax gradually after activity.
no time to wind down after work
15
to take its toll
idiom
Universal
To cause gradual damage.
long hours take their toll
16
burnout
n
Universal
Exhaustion caused by prolonged overwork.
burnout is now widespread
17
flexitime
n
A system letting staff choose their hours.
genuine flexitime, not just on paper
18
the right to disconnect
n
A legal right to ignore work contact off duty.
France introduced the right to disconnect
19
indispensable services
n
Universal
Services a society cannot manage without.
doctors provide indispensable services
20
exorbitant fees
n
Universal
Charges that are far too high.
agents charge exorbitant fees
21
market forces
n
Universal
Supply and demand setting prices and pay.
market forces, not merit, set salaries
22
a short career span
n
A working life that lasts only a few years.
athletes have a short career span
23
to make ends meet
idiom
Universal
To have just enough money to live on.
families where children work to make ends meet
24
to be laid off
phr v
Universal
To lose a job because it is no longer needed.
workers laid off by automation
25
the gig economy
n
Work made up of short-term, task-based jobs.
drivers in the gig economy
26
a zero-hours contract
n
A contract with no guaranteed hours.
staff on zero-hours contracts
27
a career break
n
A planned period away from work.
take a career break to retrain
28
to retrain
v
Universal
To learn skills for a different job.
retrain for the green economy
29
upskilling
n
Improving one’s existing skills.
continuous upskilling
30
a skills shortage
n
Too few workers with the abilities employers need.
a serious skills shortage in nursing
31
a headhunter
n
A recruiter who finds senior staff.
approached by a headhunter
32
a probationary period
n
The first months of a job, when performance is assessed.
pass a three-month probationary period
33
to be passed over for promotion
v
To be ignored when others are promoted.
repeatedly passed over for promotion
34
nepotism
n
Universal
Favouring relatives in hiring or promotion.
nepotism in family firms
35
workplace culture
n
The shared habits and attitudes of a workplace.
a toxic workplace culture
36
micromanagement
n
Controlling every small detail of others’ work.
micromanagement destroys initiative
37
presenteeism
n
Being at work while ill or unproductive.
presenteeism costs more than absence
38
absenteeism
n
Frequent absence from work.
stress-related absenteeism
39
a trade union
n
An organisation representing workers.
trade unions negotiate pay
40
collective bargaining
n
Negotiating pay and conditions as a group.
collective bargaining raised wages
41
industrial action
n
Strikes or similar protest by workers.
threaten industrial action
42
the pay gap
n
The difference in average pay between groups.
the gender pay gap
43
job sharing
n
Two people dividing one full-time post.
job sharing suits new parents
44
remote working
n
Working away from the employer’s premises.
permanent remote working
45
a four-day week
n
A full-time job compressed into four days.
trial a four-day week
46
mandatory retirement
n
A legally fixed age at which work must stop.
abolish mandatory retirement
47
a portfolio career
n
A career made of several part-time roles at once.
a portfolio career of teaching and consultancy
48
to hand in one’s notice
idiom
Universal
To formally resign.
hand in one’s notice
Axtarışa uyğun termin tapılmadı.