CHAPTER 27 OF 30
Water & Oceans
4 Sual
34 İdeya
24 Termin
Etiket ideyanın ən uyğun olduğu esse növünü göstərir; ideyanın yalnız həmin növdə istifadə oluna biləcəyi demək deyil.
Oceans and marine life
SUAL
The world’s oceans are under increasing pressure. Why are they important, and how can marine life best be protected?
WHY THEY MATTER
4
1
Marine phytoplankton produce a large share of atmospheric oxygen and absorb enormous quantities of carbon.
TQ
2
Ocean currents distribute heat and make temperate climates possible.
TQ
3
Fish are the main protein source for billions of people.
TQ
4
Almost all international trade moves by sea.
TQ
PROTECTION
5
1
Enforceable marine protected areas rather than paper ones.
TQ
2
Quotas and closed seasons that let stocks recover.
TQ
3
Banning the most destructive gear, such as bottom trawling on reefs.
TQ
4
Tackling plastic at source through producer responsibility.
TQ
5
Cutting agricultural run-off that creates dead zones.
TQ
Water pollution
SUAL
Water pollution is a serious problem in many parts of the world. What are its causes, and what effects does it have?
CAUSES
6
1
Fertiliser and pesticide run-off from farmland.
TQ
2
Untreated sewage.
TQ
3
Industrial effluent and heavy metals.
TQ
4
Oil spills.
TQ
5
Improperly stored radioactive waste.
TQ
6
Plastics breaking down into microplastics.
TQ
CONSEQUENCES
4
1
Waterborne disease.
TQ
2
Toxins accumulating up the food chain into the fish people eat.
TQ
3
Hormone disruption from nitrates and heavy metals.
TQ
4
Dead zones where nothing can survive.
TQ
Government control of water use
SUAL
Some believe water use should be controlled by governments, while others think this is best left to private companies and individuals. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
FOR
3
1
Water is a finite shared resource, and without rules the heaviest users simply take the most.
DV
2
Only government can plan for drought and maintain infrastructure across a whole region.
DV
3
Agriculture uses the majority of fresh water and needs coordinated policy.
DV
AGAINST
4
1
Private operators are often more efficient and better capitalised.
DV
2
State monopolies in some countries are riddled with mismanagement.
DV
3
Rewarding conservation works better than penalising consumption.
DV
4
Ultimately households change behaviour, not ministries.
DV
Bottled water
SUAL
Some argue drinking water should be provided free to everyone, while others believe it is reasonable to sell it. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
FOR FREE TAP WATER
4
1
Access to safe drinking water is widely treated as a human right.
DV
2
Bottled water is often simply filtered tap water sold at a huge markup.
DV
3
Plastic bottles are an environmental disaster.
DV
4
Studies keep finding microplastics in major brands.
DV
AGAINST
4
1
In many countries tap water genuinely is not safe without boiling.
DV
2
The infrastructure is expensive and someone has to pay for it.
DV
3
Biodegradable bottles are now available.
DV
4
Making tap water free could squeeze the quality-control budget that keeps it safe.
DV
WATER & OCEANS · WORD BANK · 24 Termin
Faydalı anlayışlar
& akademik lüğət
Termin · Məna · Kollokasiya və nümunə cümlələr.
01
fish stocks
n
The quantity of fish available in an area.
fish stocks have collapsed
02
overfishing
n
Catching fish faster than they can reproduce.
overfishing in the North Atlantic
03
coral reefs
n
Underwater structures built by living coral.
coral reefs are dying worldwide
04
bycatch
n
Unwanted fish and animals caught accidentally.
bycatch is thrown back dead
05
a marine protected area
n
A sea zone where activity is restricted by law.
enforceable marine protected areas
06
ocean acidification
n
The sea becoming more acidic as it absorbs carbon.
ocean acidification weakens shells
07
to deplete
v
Universal
To reduce something by using it up.
trawling depletes the seabed
08
single-use plastics
n
Universal
Plastic items thrown away after one use.
ban single-use plastics
09
to contaminate a water supply
v
Universal
To make drinking water unsafe.
effluent contaminates the water supply
10
agricultural run-off
n
Fertiliser and pesticide washed off farmland.
agricultural run-off creates dead zones
11
industrial effluent
n
Liquid waste discharged by factories.
untreated industrial effluent
12
sewage treatment
n
Processing waste water before release.
invest in sewage treatment
13
heavy metals
n
Toxic metals such as lead and mercury.
heavy metals accumulate in fish
14
groundwater
n
Water held underground in soil and rock.
chemicals seep into groundwater
15
potable water
n
Water safe to drink.
access to potable water
16
unsafe for human consumption
adj
Not fit for people to eat or drink.
declared unsafe for human consumption
17
water scarcity
n
Not having enough water to meet demand.
water scarcity in the region
18
metering
n
Measuring how much of a utility each home uses.
universal water metering
19
to conserve water
v
Universal
To use water carefully and avoid waste.
households must conserve water
20
drought
n
Universal
A long period with too little rain.
plan for prolonged drought
21
to impose limits
v
Universal
To set official restrictions.
impose limits on agricultural use
22
privatisation
n
Universal
Transferring a public service to private ownership.
the privatisation of water supply
23
microplastics
n
Tiny plastic fragments found in water and food.
microplastics in bottled water
24
a human right
n
Universal
Something every person is entitled to.
safe water as a human right
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